Here, we applied an integrative computational approach to develop the IOScope biomarker, which predicts IO response in ESBC.

The potential to expand the current treatment for HER2-low and -zero patients, highlights the limitations of traditional HER2 assessment, including HER2 intra-tumoral heterogeneity, differential IHC pathology staining, and inter-reader variability. We therefore sought to address how to optimally identify HER2-low…