Abstract: Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease. Prognosis and treatment are usually decided based on the expression of 3 molecular markers; one being the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Classification of HER2 tumors generally follows a binary…

Abstract: Cancer heterogeneity is associated with drug resistance, risk of disease recurrence and metastasis. Pathology allows for the assessment of heterogeneity in the tumor. However, this assessment is limited to an overall assessment of the tumor microenvironment (TME), through measurement…

Abstract: With the rapidly changing landscape of early-stage breast cancer, there is a significant need for upfront biomarkers to enable physicians to “right-size” therapy for patients. It is well known that tumor heterogeneity drives the variability of response to neoadjuvant…